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The Mukden Incident, or Manchurian Incident, was a staged event engineered by rogue Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China, known as Manchuria.〔The Cambridge History of Japan: The twentieth century, p. 294, Peter Duus,John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989 ISBN 978-0-521-22357-7〕〔An instinct for war: scenes from the battlefields of history, p. 315, Roger J. Spiller, ISBN 978-0-674-01941-6; Harvard University Press〕〔''Concise dictionary of modern Japanese history'', p. 120, Janet Hunter, University of California Press: 1984, ISBN 978-0-520-04557-6〕 On September 18, 1931, Lt. Suemori Kawamoto detonated a small quantity of dynamite〔''The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century'', p. 294, Peter Duus, John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989. ISBN 978-0-521-22357-7〕 close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden (now Shenyang).〔Fenby, Jonathan. ''Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost''. Carroll & Graf: 2003, p. 202〕 The explosion was so weak that it failed to destroy the track and a train passed over it minutes later, but the Imperial Japanese Army accused Chinese dissidents of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo six months later. The ruse of war was soon exposed to the international community, leading Japan to diplomatic isolation and its March 1933 withdrawal from the League of Nations.〔''Encyclopedia of war crimes and genocide'', p. 128, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood, Facts on File (2011); ISBN 978-0-8160-8083-0〕 The bombing act is known as the "Liutiaohu Incident" (, Japanese: , ''Ryūjōko-jiken''), and the entire episode of events is known in Japan as the "Manchurian Incident" (Kyūjitai: , Shinjitai: , ''Manshū-jihen'') and in China as the September 18 Incident"(). ==Background== Japanese economic presence and political interest in Manchuria had been growing ever since the end of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The Treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war had granted Japan the lease of the South Manchuria Railway branch (from Changchun to Lüshun) of the China Far East Railway. The Japanese government, however, claimed that this control included all the rights and privileges that China granted to Russia in the 1896 Li-Lobanov Treaty, as enlarged by the Kwantung Lease Agreement of 1898. This included absolute and exclusive administration within the South Manchuria Railway Zone. Japanese railway guards were stationed within the zone to provide security for the trains and tracks; however, these were regular Japanese soldiers, and they frequently carried out maneuvers outside the railway areas. There were many reports of raids on local Chinese villages by bored Japanese soldiers, and all complaints from the Chinese government were ignored. In Nanjing in April 1931, a national leadership conference of the Republic of China was held between Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang; the Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, along with his vaunted personal guard, also attended. They agreed to assert China's sovereignty in Manchuria strongly. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mukden Incident」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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